Economics

Thesis Cloning of animals, plants and tress has several economic benefits, through increased productivity.

a) Gives a summary of the economic benefits of cloning animals, plants and trees.

Introduction
Cloning has numerous economic benefits on various economic activities. Through increased productivity of both animals and plants is increased both in terms of quantity and quality, cloning increases the profit margins of farmers. Livestock become more drought and disease resistant making them to be less vulnerable to harsh conditions and thus the loss associated with loss of animals to drought is highly reduced. Through cloning, the cost of production is greatly reduced thus enhancing the profits of farmers and at the same time reducing the prices being charged to consumers. Cloning of trees also has numerous benefits, the extinction of vital species of trees is avoided through cloning and thus the benefits of such trees can continue being available to mankind for extended periods of time and hence have more value for longer periods of time. The nutritional value resulting from cloning enables people to live more healthy lives since they are and thus be more productive economically (Kemp, 2004).

Economic benefits of cloning animals
One of the major objectives behind cloning is the creation of genetic duplicates that are exact to those of animals that are considered much superior as compared to other animals in their species in passing on the desirable traits that are naturally occurring such as high productivity and disease resistant. Cloning therefore has a lot economic benefits since the animals obtained through it are more productive. This implies that fewer inputs are required in substantially increasing the productivity of livestock. The increased productivity arising as a result of cloning increases the profit margins of farmers because they require much less costs in making their livestock more productive. Due to cost effectiveness achieved through cloning, it is easier for those in agribusiness to enjoy economies of scale as compared to farmers who are yet to embrace the new technology of cloning. In addition, the increased productivity realized from cloning can result to increased gross domestic product and in turn stimulate economic growth of a country (Longtin  Kraemer, 2002).

Cost of production is virtually in all cases passed on to the final consumers if those involved in agribusiness are to make any profits. This therefore means that if these costs are high, then the consumers have to be charged higher prices for such products so that the entrepreneur can be in a position to recoup the costs that were incurred in the production process. However, cloning has resulted in reduced costs of productivity and hence the entrepreneurs in agribusiness are in a position of producing more products at a much lower cost. The consumers are thus charged less for such products since it is possible for these entrepreneurs to break even by charging the consumers lesser prices for their products. While the consumers enjoy reduced prices thanks to cloning, the entrepreneurs can make even more profits since their sales revenues and volume will increase as a result of increased sales. This will be the case because just like any other products in the market, the cloned ones will be affected by the forces of demand and supply, which will dictate that their demand will increase following reduction in their prices (Lu, 2001).

Cloning leads to the breeding of animals with the superior qualities of drought and disease resistance. Diseases and droughts are some of the major challenges faced allover the world today by agribusiness people since they have to contend with them every now and then. Due to climate change and global warming, droughts have become more frequent and severe. Millions of livestock allover the world has been lost to this calamity, as animals are forced to go without water and pasture for days. This does not only impact negatively to the livestock farmers but also to the rest of the population since such losses results into reduced livestock productivity thus reducing the gross domestic product of a country and at the same time leading to increased prices of products. However, thanks to cloning, it is now possible to breed livestock that are more resistant to the drought. The cloned animals cannot die easily as a result of drought implying that the productivity of such animals is not greatly affected by the effects of drought. The farmers are therefore much cautioned against the devastating effects of droughts (Baird, 2002).

Livestock diseases are a major channel through which farmers incur a lot of costs in terms of treating animals and preventing them from falling sick. This is a challenge they are compelled to contend with on a continuous basis since new livestock diseases keep on emerging every now and then. The animals that are not cloned are less resistant from these diseases and hence they suffer frequently from various livestock diseases making their owners to incur heavy expenses and at times lose them to some of these diseases that are quite deadly. Cloning could therefore have not come at a better time than it did. Since the cloned animals are much resistant to most of these diseases, the farmers end up incurring much less expenses on treating and preventing them from falling sick. There are several economic benefits arising from the cloned animals being disease resistant. These animals can endure harsher conditions as compared to the ordinary animals and the cost of rearing them is much less thus benefiting both the farmers rearing them in terms of reduced cost of production and enhanced profit margins (Campbell, 2005).

Cloning offers a chance of more swift genetics distribution as well as the achievement of the targeted outcome consistency. Therefore, it is possible to easily achieve the desired superior qualities that are present in a certain animal without waiting for decades as with some forms of bio technology. The prompt achievement of these results makes it more economical to clone animals as they can be able to utilize the desired qualities soon before such qualities become obsolete. Cloning makes it possible for researchers to deal with problems involved in livestock rearing as soon as they arise. In some bio technologies, solutions are found when it is already too late to use them and despite the great amount of resources and time that are employed in their achievement, they rarely achieve their targeted objectives since by the time they are developed, circumstances have already changed. However, in cloning, the outcomes are achieved rather fast making it possible for the cloned animals to deal with the environmental challenges they were designed to cope with (Font et al, 2006).

Some animals are cloned so that specific traits with economic benefits can be produced. The best example is the transgenic cattle that were specifically created in order to make them produce milk which contains particular proteins of humans that are useful in human emphysema treatment. This has some economic benefits since the disease can be treated and prevented with minimal resource employment. There are other animals that are cloned in a manner that makes them to be used as models of diseases. Cloning in this case greatly improves the study and research of some complicated diseases, which consume a lot of financial resources due to their complications. When the study of such diseases is eased through cloning, then it becomes possible for them to be eliminated and thus save the economy the great financial burdens that usually arise from them (Starr, 2008).

For several decades, farmers have applied selective breeding in order to enhance certain superior qualities evident on their plants or livestock. However, the traditional methods were time consuming and were less accurate in achieving the desired outcome. However, cloning is much more efficient and results in quality results within a relatively short time making it economically viable for the farmers to have their plants and animals cloned. In addition, cloning has resulted into the breeding of cows that are producing milk with less cholesterol. This is a great achievement in the fight against heart diseases that are caused by excess cholesterol obtained from milk and milk products. Apart from the lives that are saved due to reduced heart diseases, there is also the reduction in the health care expenses previously used to treat and prevent such heart complications (Baird, 2002).  

Economic benefits of cloning trees
With consumption and deforestation of trees rising every year, the cloning of trees provides a great opportunity of growing more trees that are much superior as compared to the ones that are not cloned. Trees that grow much faster, consume less amounts of water and are more diseases and droughts resistant are being cloned and are resulting to a stream of benefits both economically and environmentally. Trees produce lumber, paper as well as other several products that are very essential to the human society all over the world. Due to cloning of trees, their growth rates has increased dramatically permitting people to harvest them much more faster as compared to the ones that are not cloned, and thus offer increased resources to people allover the world. Trees that are cloned usually produce more efficiently and faster making their yields to be more predictable. In addition, cloning has greatly modified the trees making them to produce more durable, stronger and higher quality products (Higgins, 2009).

Cloning of trees thus slows down the depletion of natural forests, whose depletion has numerous economic sequences on a country. One of the major environmental economic benefits of trees is the creation of carbon sink. Of late, the impacts of global warming have become quite evident. They are quite disastrous and can result to several natural calamities such as tropical cyclones, hurricanes, heat waves, tornadoes and eddy currents. It is also evident that these two phenomena are as a result of increased greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. The main green house gas that is causing global warming and thus triggers climate change is carbon dioxide. Through cloning, trees are made to regenerate much faster than they would in normal circumstances and thus create a deeper carbon sink. Carbon is used by the trees in their natural photosynthesis process thus reducing the availability of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, thereby implying that global warming can also be reduced while climate change is brought under control. Cloning of trees therefore basically means that the consequences of global warming that have proofed to be very disastrous with enormous economic implications can be mitigated and thus avoid the economic consequences that are brought about by climate change and global warming (Kemp, 2004).

Cloning of ancient trees make it possible for mankind to retain these ancient species that can easily be endangered or become extinct. There are several economic benefits that are contained in the ancient trees that could be lost if these trees actually became extinct. They are usually harvested for medicinal purposes, high quality timber and several wood other products. The demand for these trees is much higher compared to their ability to regenerate. However, the products that are obtained from these trees are very essential to mankind and cannot do without some of them such as medicine. Cloning of these trees is therefore very important in ensuring that these benefits continue to be realized in a sustainable safe manner. There are some of valuable and rare ancient trees that are being cloned in Beijing, China. They are being cloned in order to ensure that the economic and environmental benefits obtained from them are not lost (Higgins, 2009).

Cloning of trees also ensures that the forests remain intact for a much longer period of time. Forests are major water catchment areas and they therefore contribute significantly to the hydrological water cycle. In several nations allover the world, water from forests constitutes a major source of income to millions of people who involve themselves in various economic activities supported by the water emanating from the forests. Without cloning of trees in such forests, the water resources can reduce to below levels with much economic benefits. Therefore, cloning indirectly supports the economic activities that rely in one way or another on the water resources (Kemp, 2004).

Economic benefits of cloning plants
By cloning plants, it makes it easier to predict their output levels and thus make the yields of such plants more reliable. Reliability is a very important aspect in all types of business and agribusiness is no exception. It enables all the stakeholders involved to better plan their activities in advance and thus boost their chance of making higher profits and reducing costs of production. Reliable productivity of agricultural crops makes it possible for the farmers to access loans from the financial institutions and thus enhances the productivity of their crops. Due to reliability of the yields obtained from cloned agricultural plants, it is possible for the sector to save a lot of money each season that could have been lost as a result of poor predictability. The plants that are cloned usually reproduce much faster, and hence limit the time taken between sowing and harvesting. In essence, this means that the land productivity is greatly enhanced through cloning since agricultural plants can be planted more frequently than in the case of ordinary plants. Increased land productivity means that farmers can make more profits from cloned crops since they have much more yields that are harvested after a short time, have a higher quality and their productivity is more predictable and reliable (Longtin  Kraemer, 2002).

Through cloning, it is possible to produce plants that are more resistant to pesticides in a more efficient manner. It is less costly to produce various seeds more efficiently through cloning as opposed to the production via traditional means. It is also possible to essentially optimize plants so that the individual gardeners or farmers always obtain the best seeds that are available. With increased yields being produced at a high rate, cloning can make farms to produce much more food and other agricultural products for a bigger population and at the same time reduce the overall costs of production (Baird, 2002).

Cloning of plants also has numerous benefits in preventing plants from being affected by various common diseases. Plant cloning via tissue culture is very crucial in the eradication of various diseases that are known to have devastating effects once they attack plants. Cloned plants are therefore very useful economically as they reduced chances of a whole crop being wiped by a certain diseases resulting into heavy losses on all the stakeholders involved in the agribusiness sector of the economy. Once the plants are made immune to most of the common diseases that affect most plants, the gardeners and farmers allover the world would be saved from incurring losses running into several billion of US dollars each year. Cloning of plants can also be very essential in making crop failures resulting from virus and diseases, a thing that only belongs to the past, which the gardeners and the farmers should no longer worry about since they cannot incur losses as a result of such crop failures (Kemp, 2004).

Through cloning of plants, it is possible for scientists to develop vegetables, fruits and several other farm products with nutritional quality that is superior. In turn, this could greatly reduce the deficiencies in nutrition that are being experienced in several parts of the world and hence result to a population that is much healthier. This would have several economic benefits especially due to the fact that less money would be spent on treating and preventing various diseases that result from nutritional deficiencies. Such financial resources, together with other resources can be used in other sectors of an economy and thus stimulate more economic growth. In addition, once a population feeds on food with more nutritional value, it will be healthier. A health population is in turn a productive one which is able to exploit more resources with increased efficiency and thus lead to more economic growth and development (Longtin  Kraemer, 2002).

Consequences of cloning
Due to the fact that cloning brings about genes that are identical and it is basically a process through which a whole genetic constitution is replicated, cloning can hamper greatly with the diversity that is needed a lot in plants and animals. This can result to weaker adaptability of both plants and animals to their environment. The weakened plants and animal generations can result to heavy costs being incurred since they are very vulnerable to the harsh climatic conditions. Cloned animals and plants usually have serious difficulties in their response to viruses, bacterium and other agents that are quite destructive. As a result, once a cloned animal or plant species is attacked by such agents, its chances of surviving are minimal thereby making the farmers and indeed the whole economy to incur heavy losses.

By permitting scientists to interfere with the plants and animals genetics, there are possibilities of intentional reproduction of traits that are not desired and which are known to be disastrous. Increased reproduction of such traits can have very serious cost implications once they are produced in great numbers. Cloning can make such traits that are less desirable to be dominant ones thereby suppressing the desired traits which might be more drought and disease resistant as well as more productive.

Conclusion
The economic benefits of cloning mainly come in the form of reduced operating costs resulting to higher profit margins for those people who are dealing with the cloned products. once the costs of production in a country has reduced substantially and the productivity levels have increased with huge margins, the growth of the countrys gross domestic product is much enhanced. The increased capacity of the economy generates more employment opportunities for the people at various levels. The real income of the people within a nation that is using such technology also increases substantially thereby raising their living standards.

The Battle of Matewan, also known as the Matewan Massacre, was a battle that erupted over the unionization of West Virginia miners. The incident that left 11 men dead eventually triggered the Coal War of West Virginia, in 1920-21. This paper explores the incidents leading up to the battle and its consequences.

Reasons behind the Miners uprising in West Virginia in 1900s
The coal industry had become increasingly competitive post 1900s. The larger companies faced a major problem from individual mining units, which had sprung up in thousands due to the read availability of coal, and the lack of standards for equipments as well as cost of labour. During the industrys more desperate years, prices for coal were so low that the larger companies could show a profit only by raising the prices at their company stores and the rent on the houses in their company towns. These tactics, of course, placed the main burden of economic maladjustment squarely upon the backs of the labouring miners. (Brisbin 20)
Because of these issues, West Virginia became a centre for some of the worst mine violence in U.S. history, after World War I. Though, United Mine Workers of America (UMWA) had started organizing workers about 1897, the unionization took hold slowly in this region because of anti-union injunctions from the federal judiciary and threats from mine managers and guards. When UMWA tried to organize or, when organized, tried to strike, mine management and the guards normally took extreme action blacklisting strikers, firing them, or using physical coercion. The result was outbreaks of extremely violence, a classical example of which was the Matewan Massacre  a shootout between mine detectives and local officials friendly to miners in Matewan. UMWA had agreed not to strike or demand for higher wages during World War I as a patriotic gesture. However, the situation worsened after the World War I as the prices continued to rise, prompting the UMWA to make strong wage demands. (Brisbin 21)

Details of the Battle of Matewan
Matewan is a small mining town in West Virginia. Before the Battle of Matewan, Matewan had witnessed an infamous bloody feud between 1878 and 1891 between two families, which cost the lives of more than a dozen persons. Because of this, Matewan was known as The Home of Hatfields and McCoys  after the two warring families.  However, the Battle of Matewan had much more significance and far reaching consequences.

Post World War I, Mingo County, where Matewan lies, had strong anti-union sentiment. When the local miners in Matewan had tried to organize themselves in a Union, the local mining company disliked and opposed it vehemently. However, in Mingo County, the law enforcement institutions were sufficiently divided so that the open warfare that broke out between armed miners and the operators forces, here made up of private detectives supplied by the Baldwin-Felts Detective Agency of Bluefield, West Virginia. On 19th may 1920 private detectives, hired by the mining company led by Albert  Lee Felts, arrived at the Matewan train station to evict the miners from their company-owned homes. They were confronted by the miners, the local sheriff Sid Hatlfield and the Mayor Cable Testerman. Suddenly a shot was fired and in the ensuing battle both Felts brothers along with five other detectives, two miners and the mayor were killed. Five others were wounded. (Hennen 96)

Consequences of the Battle of Matewan
The Battle of Matewan was at the time was considered one of the deadliest gun fights in American history, taking place in a community ripe for an explosion. The following year, on 1st August 1921, an unarmed Sid Hatfield, who had been acquitted for his role in the battle of Matewan, was shot down allegedly by the detectives seeking revenge. This generated further outrage among miners, who marched across West Virginia late in August, to show their support for organized-miners. They were joined by hundreds others, and finally clashed with groups of police. In an unusual show of force by the government, federal troops brought the uprising to an end after the Battle of Blair Mountain, in which 16 persons were killed, most of them miners. (Franklin 98)

By 1920s, American unions, which had been struggling for decades now, were in full retreat. The defeat of the miners at Blair Mountain severely damaged the UMWA, whose membership in West Virginias south-western coal fields dropped drastically, and by 1922 the UMWAs presence had all but vanished from West Virginia. The labour unions took a further step back due to the formation and expansion of American Constitutional Association (ACA) in West Virginia, by industrialists  chiefly coal operators, post 1920. The conditions further worsened during the Great Depression  a situation that continued through 1920s and early 1930s. The turning point came with the 1933 national Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA), Franklin D. Roosevelts fulfilment of his campaign promise to protect workers beaten down by the nations economic disarray. (Hennen 97)

Conclusion
Labour relations have played a very large role in the history of both policing and security in America. In addition, understanding the history of labour-relations is also important as it brought about the development of society as a whole. This is because organized labour brought together people of different ethnic groups and established numerous changes in workplace, such as benefit plans for employees and the establishment of disciplinary procedures based on the concept of due process.

The Battle of Matewan is an important historical incident that served to better the labour relations  though the immediate consequences of the same were not fruitful. The armed march and Mingo County strike resulting from the Battle of Matewan was doomed and the South West Virginia coal establishment were saved, as a result. However, the foundation for the labours being aware of their rights and demanding for the same, was laid resulting in labour reforms that were to start a decade late.

During the year of 1987 several memorable things happened.  Living on a prayer by Bon Jovi was a hit.  The Giants had won the super bowl the Hiesman Trophy was awarded to Tim Brown from Notre Dame.  Another important thing that happened was the NFL strike of 1987.  This strike was the basis of several movies, including the replacements, which mocked the replacement teams that were brought into play for the striking NFL players.  People have often wondered why the strike happened.  The reason why the NFL strike of 1987 happened, and looms closely again, was because of revenue sharing, money, and security.

The NFL is a revenue sharing company.  What that means is that in one company, the NFL, there are several companies, such as the Colts, Bills, Cowboys, and the Seahawks.  Revenue sharing is where the owner of each team shares a percentage of his or her revenues with the NFL and the players.  Revenues come from things like ticket sales, jersey sales, season tickets, TV contracts, and from stocks.  The revenues from 1987 werent even close to what they are now, but thats because the recent addition of the Internet market, which makes each teams target market a global market.  About 23 of the NFLs money comes from TV deals.  The players get about 23 of team revenue. So, more or less, the TV contract goes to pay the players. These contracts are typically for about 5 years, and every time they are renegotiated the price goes up. So do players salaries.  (Lawrence, 2005)  The strike of 1987 happened because the players felt like they werent receiving enough money for their efforts.  Many people thought the NFL players were being greedy, because they werealready getting paid millions of dollars to play a game, but it was the NFL owners who were being greedy.  They were not sharing their massive profits with the players.  The players receive escalating contracts.  That means that their contract is worth more each year than the preceding year.  For example, lets say John Doe made 8,000,000 at quarterback this year, then next year he will make 9,000,000.  This is because the salary cap went up.  The salary cap is a percentage of what the NFL teams earn.  Lets say the Cowboys earned 150 million in revenue this year.  That means the player salary cap is going to be around 120 million.  The players ear a little less than 80 of what the team makes.  Dont think that this means each year the teams spend 120 million on its players.  The truth is that most teams give themselves a cushion under the salary cap.  This way the owners save money.

Speaking of money, it makes the NFL players happy.  But what is money and how is it made  Money is produced by sales.  Teams can sell anything they want to make money.  Bobble heads, towels, helmets, footballs, seats, autographs, shoes, clothing, jerseys, snack foods, beer, hot dogs, nachos, stickers, license plates, or anything.  The NFL is one of the worlds most successful marketers because it is everywhere.  It makes money with TV, endorsements, advertising, goods, and games.  What decides how much the salary cap is, is how much money is made.  Everything counts.  This is called the collective bargaining agreement.  So when the NFL makes 150 million dollars in revenue for each team, its not just in tickets for the games, but the sale of everything.  The players in 1987 saw this and decided that they wanted more money, because they were getting the short end of the stick.  During the strike replacement teams were hired during the season with mock names of the real teams, and they played a total of 3 games. During these games the amount of money made, revenue, dropped by a fifth, which is what the NFL expected.  Luckily for the NFL and for the fans the collective bargaining agreement was made and the NFL season resumed.

Security is a big issue for NFL players.  The NFL players spend 10 to 15, and maybe 20 years on the field and make lots of money.  They can make anywhere from 10 million if they are a career journeyman to well over 100 million dollars if they are perennial pro bowlers.  With endorsements from companies like Nike and Gatorade, players can make even more.  Tiger Woods recently went over the 1 billion dollar earning mark because of his earnings and endorsements.  But the reason why security is so important is because these NFL players destroy their bodies and sometimes their brains with all of the jarring hard hits, and constant impacts.  Tackles in the NFL are like small car collisions.  Some linebackers can get as many as 100 tackles in a season.  With that many collisions over the span of a career its a wonder that these players can even walk after they retire.  The NFL players want security for their future medical issues.  They also want security for their families, so they can remain living the lifestyle that theyve grown accustom to.  Concussions are on high priority in the NFL these days, because of the consequences and side effects they cause down the road.  Some former players have become suicidal just from the concussions, so the NFL players want security.

The NFL strike of 1987 happened because the players felt like they did receive the proper revenue share, money, or security for their hard work.  The worst athletes in the NFL are still some of the best athletes in the world.  The fastest player in the NFL can run just under 30 mph.  This kind of speed and physicality make for a great and entertaining game of strategy and brute force.  With the uncapped season coming next year, there is a looking lock out expected for 2011.  Hopefully the owners and players learned from the strike of 1987 and dont let it happen again.

Concentration Ratio (CR(n)) is a standard tool which measures market concentration. It shows the degree of market control of the largest firms in the industry. Concentration ratio is computed by dividing the total sales of the firms comprising an industry with the sum of their respective market shares. There are two most common concentration ratios, CR4 and CR8.

CR4 is computed by getting the total sales of the four largest firms in the industry, divided by the sum of its respective market shares. CR8, on the other hand, measures that of the eight largest firms. The values resulting from the said formula shall describe the degree of market control held by the largest 4 and 8 firms, respectively.

Suppose you have an industry with 20 firms and the CR is 20. How would you describe this industry
An industry of 20 firms with a CR20 implies there is low market concentration. The industry has very competitive market and exhibits monopolistic competition, where market players, or each of the company belonging to an industry, offer products that are highly differentiated, if not, substitutes of each others products. Each of the firms may have a change to establish its own domination in the industry. Examples of industries that exhibit this kind of structure are jewelry stores, restaurants and clothing stores.
Suppose the demand for the product rises and pushes up the price for the good. What long-run adjustments would you expect following this change in demand What does your adjustment process imply about the CR for the industry

In a monopolistic competition or more commonly known as imperfect competition, there is low barrier for entry of competitors. Other firms can enter the market and establish their own mini-monopoly. With the fact that the company has some control over the price of its goods, as demand for the product increases, the company can freely push up the price of its goods and enjoy profit. Such economic profit shall attract new players, who will partake in the same. In the long run, some firms will only just generate if not normal profit, break-even point, and others will leave the competition.

Now consider that the industry has 20 firms but the CR for the industry is 80 instead of 20. How would you describe this industry What are some reasons why this industry has a high CR while the other industry had a low CR

An industry of 20 firms with a CR80 implies there is high market concentration. This implies that the top four firms have a high control over the market and that there is oligopoly in the industry. In this type of market structure, the industry is being dominated by a few large firms who can dictate the price of competition. Other market players will have a hard time passing through the entry barriers, as the existing companies may have already established their brand names or reputations and customer base. Examples of industries which exhibit this kind of structure include cigarettes and automobile

Is it possible for smaller firms to thrive and profit in such an industry How

In an oligopoly, smaller firms may still thrive and profit through collusion. In collusion, the firms cooperate and agree to fix prices, divide markets and set output levels.

The financial systems are complex and integrated systems through which finances are obtained from the households through the financial institutions and lent to the investors. According to Noland, the financial systems are made up of regulators and institutions that act both at the international and local levels. He argues that the financial system of any given economy is dynamic and is constantly changing in order to accommodate the ever increasing demands posed by the various players of the financial sector. In addition, Noland views the financial system as one that constantly seeks resource allocation in an efficient manner among the borrowers and savers. According to him, for a financial system to be healthy, it needs solvent and efficient financial intermediaries, deep and efficient markets, as well as legal framework which clearly define the obligations and rights of each and every agent involved in the system. He further argues that in order to ensure that a financial system develops in a sound manner and that it also protects the interest of the public, it should be constantly monitored and regulated under a central authority such as the central bank.

Evolution of financial institutions and instruments
In the past couple of decades, financial institutions all over the world have registered enormous growth and development. Noland argues that these institutions have learnt a lot in customizing their products in order to address the specific needs of their clients whose range of needs are diverse. The financial institutions have overtime learned combining payments from an assets pool into packages that are customized with attributes of risk preferred by specific investors. The financial leverage and intermediation in several parts of the world has in the last few decades shifted from the regulated commercial institutions realm, which was mainly composed of banks, towards a wide array of several other financial institutions. The new financial institutions include mortgage and consumer finance firms, brokerages, investment organizations, insurers, and mutual funds money markets.

Collectively, these new financial intermediaries are commonly referred to as the shadow system of banking. This is due to the fact that they offer services that either substitute or compete with the ones being provided by the commercial banks. Of great importance, the banks liabilities are the deposits, while those of the shadow institutions are not. Moreover, the risk taking and leverage of these shadow banks are usually not as transparent as those of the commercial banks. This has greatly affected the credibility of the financial institutions especially in advancing credit to their customers who in most cases feel that there are other hidden charges apart from the ones formally declared.

Financial innovation thus shifted greatly to the shadow system of banking this shift in turn stimulated the innovation in this sector. In 1970s, broadening market securities, greatly reduced the finance direct costs, such as those involved in issuing of equities and bonds, as compared to the costs involved in traditional loans issued by commercial banks. Plunging costs of information in both 1980s and in the 1990s made it more possible for a growing investors universe access more information concerning the borrowers risks, which ranged from those of companies to the household ones. The new investors range promoted the development of a faint array of several other new instruments, especially in the last decade thus making it possible to spread the risk more efficiently and widely, and also permitted more room for additional risk taking.

As the financial institutions have evolved overtime, so have the financial instruments. These are the virtual or the real documents that represent a legal accord which involves some form of monetary worth. In Nolands view, the treasury bills, insured deposits certificates, certificates of negotiable certificates, bankers acceptances, commercial papers and repurchase agreements were the main financial instruments that were offered by the commercial banks. However, due to constant stream of innovations in the financial sector, its landscape is by far denser and more complicated and has therefore called for several changes to be made to the financial instruments in order to accommodate increasing and divergent needs of the modern financial sector. The financial instruments have been revised thoroughly and also expanded in order to include a more comprehensive coverage of the financial needs. Clear and practical perspectives on the changes and shifts behind the current dizzying market techniques and tools proliferation have compelled the financial institutions to develop new financial instruments. It is out of this background from which such financial instruments as warrants, convertibles and preferred stocks have emerged in the last few decades.

Central and commercial banking
Central banking according to Noland is the form of banking in an economy from which the commercial banks and other financial institutions are regulated. Just like in ordinary commercial banking, the central banks do charge interest on the loans they advance to the borrowers basically the commercial banks and governments. However, in central banking, the central bank can only advance loans as a last resort. Unlike in commercial banking, central banking is basically characterized by monopoly. It is under central banking where the currency of a country is created and regulated in order to control the rate of inflation in the economy. Central banking exercise supervisory powers over the commercial banks in order to regulate their activities. The rates at which the commercial banks charge for loans they advance to their customers are also regulated under a central form of banking.

Noland views commercial banking as the intermediary between the savings of the households and the investments of the investors. In this respect, the commercial banks collect the household savings and later advance them to the investors in form of loans. They therefore act as intermediaries linking these two important groups in an economy. He also views banks as vehicles of economic growth and development since their activities can either stimulate or slow down the level of economic activities in an economy. When they charge less rates of interest, credit becomes more affordable to the investors who in turn borrow more money and thus increase the level of economic activity and the opposite happens when they charge higher rates of interest.

Role played by the financial institutions in the creation of the global credit crisis
Noland argues that the current financial crisis was triggered by unsustainable loaning behaviours of the commercial banks and the shadow system of banking. Their lending patterns led to reduced confidence in virtually all the markets whose securities were mortgage backed. The housing bubble that burst resulting into the financial crisis was supported by the financial institutions, because they lent money to the house owners with the hope that they could repay the loans at high rates of interest. However, the borrowers were unable to repay these loans since prices of their houses decreased substantially leading to high default rates in the payment of loans.

During the period preceding the bursting of the housing bubble, Noland argues that there were easy conditions for advancing credit to the house owners, which made them to over borrow. There was also sub prime lending, this is basically the quality of a particular class of borrowers who have been responsible for weakening credit histories thus increasing the risk of defaulting loan payments. Noland further argues that the predatory lending that was practiced prior to the bursting of the housing bubble made the crisis even more inevitable.

Main problems facing the financial systems and their solutions
Loaning is a major role that is played by the financial system in any given economy. The financial system therefore face an enormous problem of ensuring that all the loans lent to the clients are paid on time and that the rate of loan defaults is reduced as much as possible. In order to reduce the risk associated with loan defaults, the financial institutions should avoid advancing money to clients who are not credit worth. Again, before advancing any money in form of loans, the financial systems should first obtain security so that in case of a default, there will be an asset to attach and thus recover the money and the interest. Noland also views the regulation in the financial system as another source of a major problem facing the financial system. As far as regulation is important, it should be done in a flexible manner so as to allow the financial institutions take advantage of various opportunities.

Tax collection has been the bread and butter of the federal government to finance its programs and projects to better serve the public. But this income generating scheme of the government put too much burden on many less fortunate citizens while letting private corporations have the opportunity to shield their financial stance against any tax policy. Furthermore, most of the tax policy scheme only promotes unfair distribution of tax burden in the society and Measures 66  67 is one of those many tax policies. This paper will present why voters should think twice in voting Measures 66  67 and provide the benefits and costs analysis of implementing such kind of policy. Furthermore, this research will also suggest an alternative ways on which the government can justly raise the taxes being collected.

In the article of Warnke (2009), he stressed that Measures 66  67 are extremely poor legislation for they only increase the disparity between the income taxes of individual and corporate entities and creates significant raise in the corporate income tax at the expense of small and locally owned businesses.

Measure 66 primarily increases the individual income tax being collected by the government. What makes this legislation harmful on the part of every individual tax payers would be the fact that tax brackets are not adjusted to inflation, hence overtime, if the number of tax payers increased, they will be pushed to a higher tax bracket even if their real income does not increase.

On the other hand, even though Measure 67 aims to increase the tax being collected on corporations, it will primarily hit the small and locally owned businesses while letting the big and non-locally owned businesses to shoulder less tax burden. There is a quotation in the said legislation that it will target businesses with losses or no net income. In other words, those small and locally owned businesses, which are already in disadvantage in terms of market competition against big and non-locally owned companies, will be the one directly hit by this legislation.

If the government will continue to pass Measures 66  67, there is a great possibility that tax evasion cases will become more prevalent among individuals as they are unable to pay higher taxes. In addition to this, small and locally owned companies may start shutting down their operations or transfer their operations to other place with relatively low tax rate. In effect, unemployment will start to increase, hence causing much trouble to already in disadvantaged citizens of Oregon. The income gap between individuals and corporations will continue to grow, leading to unfair distribution of wealth in the economy.

As a solution, this paper suggest the federal government of Oregon to include inflation in determining the income brackets of individual tax payers as part of its mechanism in collecting a justreasonable tax on every citizen of Oregon. Also, government officials must ratify the provision in HB 3405, the legislative counterpart of Measure 67, the collection of higher tax among businesses with losses or no net income to prevent further burden among small and locally owned business. At this point where market competition is on the side of big and foreign owned businesses, it would be better for the government officials of Oregon to give a little more concern  on the welfare of small and locally owned business to protect the welfare of their locals and consumers.

In contrast, Sales Tax would be a better tax scheme as compared to Measures 66  67 since it includes inflation, which is already part of the price of the commodity, in determining how much tax is to collect on a particular individual, hence reflecting the real income of the individual tax payer. Furthermore, it also provides a breathing space for companies in tax collection since they will not shoulder the full cost of the said tax by passing a percentage of it to their consumers.

After all the discussions and arguments presented above, it is therefore clear that one should not vote for the passing of Measures 66  67 since these legislation has far-reaching adverse economic consequences, primarily increasing the income gap between individuals and corporations and providing more tax pressure among small and locally owned businesses.

Establishing an airline is a difficult task to finish especially when competition exists. Competition between existing airline companies may be hard to overcome for a newly established airline. The competition between airline companies brought the problem on how a newly established airline company should charge its fare in order to meet potential revenue and at the same time deal with the competition between existing airline companies.

In order to solve the problem, a statistical analysis will be conducted. The statistical analysis will aim to answer certain questions regarding pricing patterns in airline industry. The researcher aims to answer the question can the average fare price that can be charged is below 150. Specifically, the analysis will aim to answer the following questions
Is there a difference in the average fare price charged by different airline company
Is there a trend identifiable regarding the fare price over time
From the obtained research questions, the following hypotheses are created.

There is a difference in the average fare price that can be charged by different airline company.

There is an increasing trend regarding fare price charged by different airline company over time.

The motivation in creating such hypothesis is to give positive insights for the investors who are interested in determining the feasibility of putting up a new airline company. In addition, the creation of the hypotheses establishes the direction of the study that will be conducted. Last, the motivation for the hypotheses created is to identify variables that may be deemed useful for the analysis.

Descriptive Statistics
Descriptive statistics will be used to organize and summarize the given data so that the researcher will be able to easily conduct a statistical analysis. After determining the descriptive statistics, the researcher has obtained the following initial findings.

The average fare charged by airline companies differs from each other. From the result of summary statistics, American Airlines has the highest average fare charged which accounts to 179.03. American Airlines was followed by United Airlines, with a fare charge price of 172.23. The third airline company with high average price was Delta Airlines, with a fare charge price of 166.79. The other companies such as NorthWest, TWA, Continental and US Airways has average fare charge price of  163.56, 157.95, 149.14 and 139.79 respectively. From the average fare charge price obtained, only Continental and US Airways are less than 150. The average spread of the prices does not differ much among the airline companies. American, Continental, Delta, NorthWest, United and US Airways has almost similar standard deviations except for TWA with a value of 9.82.

Scatter plots were also created to determine visually the trend of fare charge price for each airline company and the average of the prices of the airline companies. The scatter plots revealed the same trend for each companies and the average fare charge price trend. The scatter plots revealed an increasing trend for the fare charge prices. This means that as the time increases, the fare charge prices also increases.

Methods
The data that will be used for the analysis was obtained from the actual prices charge by the airline companies from the past 56 months. A likely threat to the validity of the statistical analysis is the underlying assumptions of the statistical tests that will be used to analyze the data. When threats like these occur, the analysis is more likely to miss the result of the analysis.

The researcher is interested at the fare charge price of the airline companies for the past 56 months. Thus, the variables that are important for the study are the fare charge price and time in months. The fare charge price will be the most important variable as it will be included in all the statistical analysis that will help answer the research questions. There was no control variables included in the paper as the paper is not an experimental study.

Statistical analysis is the key to answering the hypotheses and the research questions. The study will focus on using three statistical tools to analyze the data. One way analysis of variance will also be employed. The one way analysis of variance will be used to determine if there is a difference in the average fare charge price of the airline companies. C Last statistical tool to be used is regression analysis. Regression analysis will be used to determine the trend and the causal relationship between the fare charge price and the time in months. The regression analysis will be useful in creating a linear model that can predict fare charge price with time in months. There were no missing values recorded for the data.

The results of the analysis will be presented in graphs and tables. The graphs and tables will be very helpful in easily organizing the results of the data. Graphs and tables will also be very helpful in easily identifying which results are for a certain question and which are not. The results will be obtained using Microsoft Excel Megastat add in.

Results
Analysis of variance was used to determine if there is a difference between the average fare charge prices for different airline companies. The null hypothesis to be tested is that there is no difference between the average fare prices between the airline companies. The analysis is conducted at 0.05 significance level. The decision is to reject the null hypothesis when the p-value of the ANOVA statistic is less than the significance level. Otherwise, the researcher will fail to reject the null hypothesis. After conducting ANOVA, the researcher has found out that the ANOVA statistic is equal to 22.62 with a p-value less than 0.001. Thus, the researcher rejected the null hypothesis at 0.05 significance level.

In conjunction to the analysis of variance, a post hoc analysis is conducted. The post hoc analysis is used to determine the average fare charge price that differs from the group. The post hoc analysis is conducted at 0.05 significance level. After conducting post hoc analysis, the researcher has found out that US Airways differ from all the other airline companies. On the other hand, the average charge price of Continental Airlines also differs from most of the group but does not differ with US Airways.

Regression analysis is used to determine the trend of the fare charge price of each companies and the trend of the average charge price of all the companies with regards to time. The regression analysis is conducted at 0.05 significance level. After conducting regression analysis, the researcher obtained the following results regarding the trend of fare charge price with regards to time. The coefficient of correlation between the fare charge prices of American Airlines obtained from the analysis is 0.706. The value indicates that the there is a strong increasing relationship between the fare price charge of American Airlines and the time. The coefficient of determination obtained from the analysis is equal to 0.498. The value means that 49.8 percent of the price charge of American Airlines is explained by the number of months.

The coefficient of correlation between the fare charge prices of Continental Airlines obtained from the analysis is 0.728. The value indicates that the there is a strong increasing relationship between the fare price charge of Continental Airlines and the time in months. The coefficient of determination obtained from the analysis is equal to 0.530. The value means that 53 percent of the price charge of Continental Airlines is explained by the number of months.

The coefficient of correlation between the fare charge prices of Delta Airlines obtained from the analysis is 0.515. The value indicates that the there is a moderate increasing relationship between the fare price charge of Delta Airlines and the time. The coefficient of determination obtained from the analysis is equal to 0.265. The value means that 26.5 percent of the price charge of Delta Airlines is explained by the number of months.

The coefficient of correlation between the fare charge prices of NorthWest Airlines obtained from the analysis is 0.875. The value indicates that the there is a strong relationship between the fare price charge of NorthWest Airlines and the time in months. The coefficient of determination obtained from the analysis is equal to 0.766. The value means that 76.6 percent of the price charge of NorthWest Airlines is explained by the number of months.

The coefficient of correlation between the fare charge prices of TWA Airlines obtained from the analysis is 0.263. The value indicates that the there is a weak increasing relationship between the fare price charge of TWA Airlines and the time. The coefficient of determination obtained from the analysis is equal to 0.069. The value means that 6.9 percent of the price charge of TWA Airlines is explained by the number of months.

The coefficient of correlation between the fare charge prices of United Airlines obtained from the analysis is 0.609. The value indicates that the there is a moderate increasing relationship between the fare price charge of United Airlines and the time. The coefficient of determination obtained from the analysis is equal to 0.371. The value means that 37.1 percent of the price charge of United Airlines is explained by the number of months.

The coefficient of correlation between the fare charge prices of US Airways obtained from the analysis is 0.883. The value indicates that the there is a strong increasing relationship between the fare price charge of US Airways and the time. The coefficient of determination obtained from the analysis is equal to 0.78. The value means that 78 percent of the price charge of US Airways is explained by the number of months.

The coefficient of correlation between the average fare charge prices of all the airline companies obtained from the analysis is 0.793. The value indicates that the there is a strong increasing relationship between the average fare price charge of all airline companies and the time in months. The coefficient of determination obtained from the analysis is equal to 0.629. The value means that 62.9 percent of the average price charge of all airline companies is explained by the number of months.

Discussion
The statistical analysis showed interesting results regarding the fare charge prices of the airline companies. The statistical analysis showed that there is at least one significant difference between the average fare charge prices of the companies (F  22.62, p  0.001). In addition, the average fare charge prices of Continental Airlines and US Airways differ from the other airline companies. The average charge price of the said airline companies is less than the suggested charge price of 150.

On the other hand, the statistical analysis showed that the trend of the fare charge price for all the companies is increasing. As the time, in months, increases, the fare charge prices of each company and the average charge price also increase. Time in months is observed to be a predicting factor for the fare charge price of each company and the average charge price (p  0.001) except for TWA Airlines (p  0.0503).

From the results obtained from the analysis, the company is suggested to join the groups of the airline companies other than Continental Airlines and US Airways. By not joining the stated airline companies, the researcher is 95 confident that the company will be able to profit since the other airline companies have an average fare charge price of greater than 150. On the other hand, starting up a new airline will also be a good decision to be made. The trend of fare charge prices for each company and the average fare charge price is increasing. Thus, the company will not breakeven as long as the company joins a group that has an average fare charge price greater than 150.

During the course of the study, the researcher has identified certain limitations hindering the true result of the study. One of the limitations is that the fare charge price may not measure profitability of a certain company because the fare charge may have included certain value added services in to it. Thus, the researcher is measuring only the revenues but not the profit itself. Another limitation of the study is that the fare charge price may be influenced by certain factors. Such factor may include the class of fare being paid. For example, a person might be paying for an economy class fare. Thus, the class of the fare may have an effect to the price of the fare needed in order for an airline company to breakeven or to profit.

The success of a school is determined by many factors. Such factors include the effectiveness of teaching across courses and instructors. The effectiveness of teaching across courses and instructors has created a problem that needs to be analyzed using statistical tools. From the problem, the researcher created research questions as a guide to establishing an analysis of the said dilemma. The following are the research questions for the study.

Is the percentage of the student with grade of B or higher greater than 30
Is there a relationship between grade of the students and the instructors
Is there a relationship between grade of the students and the courses
Is there a relationship between grade of the students and class size
Is the grade distribution different between various instructors
Is the grade distribution different between various courses
From the research questions obtained, the researcher created testable hypothesis that will help answer the research questions. The following are the testable hypothesis for the study.
The percentage of the student with grade of B or higher is greater than 30.
The grade of the students is dependent of the instructors.
The grade of the students is dependent of the courses.
The grade of the students is affected by class size.
The grade distribution is different between various instructors.
The grade distribution is different between various courses.

The motivation in creating such hypothesis is to give positive insights for the school administrators who are interested in performance of a school. In addition, the creation of the hypotheses establishes the direction of the study that will be conducted. Last, the motivation for the hypotheses created is to identify variables that may be deemed useful for the analysis.

Descriptive Statistics
Descriptive statistics will be used to organize and summarize the given data so that the researcher will be able to easily conduct a statistical analysis. After determining the descriptive statistics, the researcher has obtained the following initial findings.

The researcher obtained the total number of students based on the following categories grades, instructors and course of the student. In addition, the researcher created graphs that will picture the distribution of the data.

The preliminary analysis of the data has given the researcher the following preliminary findings.

Grades
From the data, the grade that has the highest frequency is A with 118 students. Students with a grade of A accounts for 15.36 percent of the total number of students. While the grade that has the lowest frequency is F with 43 students. The value accounts for 5.6 percent of the total number of students.

Instructor
From the data, the instructor that has the highest number of student is Instructor 8 with 103 students. The 103 students accounts for 13.41 percent of the total number of students. While, the instructor that has the lowest number of student is Instructor 11 with 10 students. The 10 students accounts for 1.3 percent of the total number of students.

Course
From the data, the highest most of the students is enrolled in Course 1 with 221 students. The 221 students accounts for 28.77 percent of the total number of students. On the other hand, Course 5 has the least number of students enrolled with 7 students. The 7 students accounts for 0.9 percent of the total number of students.

Methods
The data obtained includes a total of 768 students categorized to categories such as instructor, course and grade. Certain threats may affect the results that will be obtained after analyzing the data. Since the data will only be analyzed since the data is already given, threats for this particular study will only include the threats brought about by not satisfying the assumptions of the statistical tools that will be used.

The researcher is interested mostly in the relationship of the grade of the students and certain variables like instructor, course and class size. The variables that are needed to analyze the data are the grade of the students, which are categorized using categorical variables like instructor and course. No control variables are found since the study is not an experimental study.

In order to test the hypothesis, certain statistical tools should be employed. The first statistical tool to be used is one sample proportion test. One sample proportion test will be used to determine differences in a hypothesized proportion and a computed proportion. Then, the researcher will employ Chi-square test in order to determine relationships between the categorical variables. Last, Kruskal-Wallis test will be used to determine if there is difference among the categories of a data set.

There are missing values in the data set. Since the missing values are only categories with no included element, the missing values were replaced by zero.
The results of the analysis will be presented in graphs and tables. The graphs and tables will be very helpful in easily organizing the results of the data. Graphs and tables will also be very helpful in easily identifying which results are for a certain question and which are not. Hypothesis test will be obtained using Microsoft Excel Megastat add in. The use of the tool is to obtain quick and accurate results for the analysis.

Results
One sample proportion test is used to determine if the percentage of the student with grade of B or higher is greater than 30. The null hypothesis to be tested is that the percentage of the student with grade of B or higher is equal to 30. The null hypothesis is conducted at 0.05 significance level. The 0.05 significance level is chosen because it is the normal choice for significance level. In addition, choosing higher significance level will make the analysis too conservative while choosing lower significance level will make the analysis too lenient. The decision is to reject the null hypothesis when the p-value of the test statistic is less than the significance level. Otherwise, the researcher will fail to reject the null hypothesis.

After conducting one sample proportions test, the researcher has found out that the value of the test statistic obtained is equal to 12.41 with a corresponding p-value less than 0.001. Since the p-value of the test statistic is less than 0.05 significance level, the researcher rejects the null hypothesis.

Chi-Square test is used to determine if the grade of the students is independent of the instructors. The null hypothesis to be tested is that there is no relationship between the grade of the students and the instructor of the students. The test is conducted at 0.05 significance level. The decision is to reject the null hypothesis when the p-value of the Chi-Square statistic is less than the significance level. Otherwise, the researcher will fail to reject the null hypothesis.

After conducting chi-square test, the researcher has found out that the chi-square statistic is equal to 333.2 with a corresponding p-value less than 0.001. Since the p-value of the Chi-square statistic is less than 0.05, the researcher rejects the null hypothesis.

Chi-Square test is used to determine if the grade of the students is independent of the course. The null hypothesis to be tested is that there is no relationship between the grade of the students and the course of the students. The test is conducted at 0.05 significance level. The decision is to reject the null hypothesis when the p-value of the Chi-Square statistic is less than the significance level. Otherwise, the researcher will fail to reject the null hypothesis.

After conducting chi-square test, the researcher has found out that the chi-square statistic is equal to 397.83 with a corresponding p-value less than 0.001. Since the p-value of the Chi-square statistic is less than 0.05, the researcher rejects the null hypothesis.

Chi-Square test is used to determine if the grade of the students is independent of the class size. The null hypothesis to be tested is that the grade of the students independent of the class size. The test is conducted at 0.05 significance level. The decision is to reject the null hypothesis when the p-value of the Chi-Square statistic is less than the significance level. Otherwise, the researcher will fail to reject the null hypothesis.

After conducting chi-square test, the researcher has found out that the chi-square statistic is equal to 727.37 with a corresponding p-value less than 0.001. Since the p-value of the Chi-square statistic is less than 0.05, the researcher rejects the null hypothesis.

Kruskal-Wallis test is used to determine if there is difference in grade distribution among the instructors of the school. The null hypothesis to be tested is that there is no difference in the grade distribution among the instructors. The test is conducted at 0.05 significance level. The decision is to reject the null hypothesis when the p-value of the test statistic is less than 0.05. Otherwise, the researcher will fail to reject the null hypothesis.

After conducting the test, the researcher obtained a test statistic value (H) equal to 37.783 with a corresponding p-value that is less than 0.0001. Since the p-value of the test is less than 0.05, the researcher rejected the null hypothesis.

Kruskal-Wallis test is used to determine if there is difference in grade distribution among the courses of the school. The null hypothesis to be tested is that there is no difference in the grade distribution among the courses. The test is conducted at 0.05 significance level. The decision is to reject the null hypothesis when the p-value of the test statistic is less than 0.05. Otherwise, the researcher will fail to reject the null hypothesis.

After conducting the test, the researcher obtained a test statistic value (H) equal to 71.378 with a corresponding p-value that is less than 0.0001. Since the p-value of the test is less than 0.05, the researcher rejected the null hypothesis.

Discussion
After conducting statistical analysis and obtaining necessary results for the study, the researcher has formulated the conclusions regarding the hypothesis of the research. First, the researcher was able to prove that the percentage of the students with a grade of B or higher is greater than 30 (Z  12.41 p  0.001). Thus, it indicates that grade inflation increase in the school. Second, the researcher has found out that there is an association between the grades of the students and the instructors of the school (2  333.2 p  0.001). Thus, students  grades are dependent of the instructor. In addition, the researcher has found out that there is also an association between grades of the students and the course of the student (2  397.83 p  0.001). Thus, students  grades are also dependent of the course of the student. The researcher also found out that there is an association between the grades of the students and the class size (2  727.37 p  0.001). Thus, students  grades are also dependent of the class size. Lastly, the researcher has found out that there is a difference between the grade distributions between instructors (H  37.873 p  0.001). In addition, the researcher also found out that there is a difference between the grade distributions between the course of the student (H  71.378 p  0.001).

Certain limitations in the research may affect the overall result after conducting the analysis. One limitation of the study is that the analysis uses nonparametric tests to obtain results. Although the data analysis is only possible with nonparametric tests, the data analysis in this study is less powerful than using parametric tests such as correlation and analysis of variance. In addition, data in categorical form is less conclusive in contrast with interval data used in quantitative research.